Despite being a subject of intense interest and scrutiny for all of human history, many aspects of human brain function are still rather poorly understood. However, this is about to change rapidly, as modern imaging techniques create a revolution in our understanding of neuroscience and cognition. These discoveries will provide new insights into how people learn, and are particularly important in providing better understanding of learning disorders and attentional problems. The implications of these findings for teachers are significant—it is our job, after all, to help brains develop into functional, critical-thinking minds.