This chapter presents a case study on The Discovery of Taq Polymerase using the discovery engineering process. In this lesson, students explore the discovery and subsequent use of Taq polymerase, an enzyme from the bacteria Thermus aquaticus. After reading the case study, students research in depth an extremophile to create a wanted poster for bioprospectors and come up with a helpful product inspired by adaptations of animals in extreme environments and create a video of their idea. A list of materials, teacher background information, teacher notes, references, resources, assessments, and standards are provided. This book selection also includes the Table of Contents, About the Authors, Acknowledgments, Introduction, and Index.