This chapter presents a case study on Darwin’s Observations in the Galápagos Islands using the discovery engineering process. In this lesson, students explore the observations Charles Darwin made in the Galápagos Islands. They learn about cladistics and shared derived characteristics, using that information to explore relationships among various technological advancements. Students use a simulation to understand how traits are more or less adapted to a changing environment. Finally, they develop a naturalistic study to address an issue of concern regarding wildlife populations. This lesson may be taught during a unit on evolution. A list of materials, teacher background information, teacher notes, references, resources, assessments, and standards are provided. This book selection also includes the Table of Contents, About the Authors, Acknowledgments, Introduction, and Index.