This chapter presents a case study on thalidomide Hidden Tragedy and Second Chances using the discovery engineering process. In the lesson, students explore the history of thalidomide, a drug with side effects that caused serious congenital deformities in the 1950s and 1960s.Students use sample data to determine the efficacy and safety of using previously banned drugs like thalidomide to treat cancer. They will then devise a plan to repurpose another banned drug to treat a new medical condition. This lesson may be taught during a biology unit on pharmacology or human development. A list of materials, teacher background information, teacher notes, references, resources, assessments, and standards are provided. This book selection also includes the Table of Contents, About the Authors, Acknowledgments, Introduction, and Index.