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  • HIV: Evolving Menace

    Book Chapter |

    Viruses are tiny, but they pack a big punch. They spread and multiply fast, causing some of the most common and contagious diseases in the world. This chapter covers one of the deadliest viruses to emerge in recent…

  • Diatoms: One-Celled Wonders

    Book Chapter |

    Diatoms (DIE-a-toms) are one of the most important things you never knew about. They are everywhere there is water. A drop of lake water is packed with them. You probably swallow millions every time you go swimming.…

  • Ants & Co.: Tiny Farms

    Book Chapter |

    Can a farm be the size of a walnut? It can if the farmer is an ant. Some of the world's smallest farmers are leaf-cutter ants. These six-legged farmers have amazed scientists by growing crops successfully for millions…

  • Hawaiian Flies: Song & Dance Success

    Book Chapter |

    In this chapter, learn how over 800 kinds of flies have evolved from a single species of Drosophila that blew ashore on the remote islands of Hawaii. This is a group of flies found only on the Hawaiian Islands.

  • Galàpagos Finches: Famous Beaks

    Book Chapter |

    The Galàpagos Islands are a cluster of extremely remote active volcanic islands in the Pacific Ocean. The Islands are home to 13 species of finches. In this chapter, learn how conducting fieldwork on Galàpagos finches…

  • Humans & Chimps: All in the Family

    Book Chapter |

    No one would mistake you for a chimpanzee. As for humans, there is no one like us on Earth, right? Wrong, scientists were surprised to learn from DNA studies that humans are genetically very similar to chimps. This…

  • Whales: Walking Into the Past

    Book Chapter |

    Whales with knees and toes? Incredible as it seems, whales once walked on legs and lived on land. Millions of years of biological change have erased the whale's legs from its body, but a faint trace remains. Hidden…

  • Start Young!

    Book Chapter |

    A person, place, or thing is what usually sparks those first memorable childhood impressions. Of course, we often do not study our newfound interests from the time of our personal enlightenment to adulthood, but early…

  • A snail that moves like light

    Book Chapter |

    In this chapter, leaving light behind you enter the world of slow-moving mollusks. A snail must get from one corner of a room (dimensions 5 m × 10 m × 15 m) to the diagonally opposite corner in the least time. The snail…

  • How about a date?

    Book Chapter |

    The September 1991 discovery of a frozen body in the Tirolean Alps revived interest in radiocarbon dating. This chapter is based on this discovery, assuming you have an isolated 1-g sample of carbon from a frozen animal…

  • Animal magnetism

    Book Chapter |

    The magnetic force is strange and does not exist for neutral particles—only for charged particles, if those particles are moving. The direction of the force isn’t toward the magnetic field or away from the field but “…

  • Atwood's marvelous machines

    Book Chapter |

    This chapter presents an example of a classic physics problem known as Atwood’s machine. In the lab it serves as a means of achieving a constant acceleration of any value less than g. Can you suggest a means of…

  • Thrills by design

    Book Chapter |

    At the XXIV International Physics Olympiad, held in Williamsburg, Virginia, students from 41 countries spent a day investigating the physics of amusement park rides. This article features a design challenge with a…

  • Stop on red, go on green . . .

    Book Chapter |

    When you're driving down a road and you see a yellow light, don’t you wonder when the light will turn red? As you drive down the road at a certain speed, the light may turn from green to yellow. A decision must be made…

  • Electricity in the air

    Book Chapter |

    This chapter is based on one of the theoretical problems given at the XXIV International Physics Olympiad. It is an actual application of physics to a real-world situation based on Gauss’s law—one of the most…

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