This case study introduces students to a real-world scenario involving the investigation of the sudden death of puppies at an animal shelter. It focuses on diagnostic procedures, including autopsy, histology, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, to identify the cause of death. The case is designed to help students develop essential skills in interpreting gross and microscopic lesions, formulating differential diagnoses, and using diagnostic tests to confirm infectious agents. The case encourages critical thinking and problem-solving by presenting open-ended questions that require students to analyze organ abnormalities and relate their findings to potential pathogens. In addition to developing technical skills, students explore ethical considerations of disease management in shelter environments, including whether euthanasia is appropriate in severe cases. Ultimately, the case fosters a comprehensive understanding of veterinary diagnostics, infectious disease processes, and animal care, preparing students for real-life veterinary challenges. This case was developed for courses in veterinary pathology, diagnostic microbiology, and infectious diseases. It could also be used in veterinary programs’ clinical rotations and case-based learning modules.