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Hot air rises and cold air sinks so winds move between the equator and the polar regions. The work of the wind on the water is predictable. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a testament to both the movement of Earth’s…
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The Sun is the ultimate power source for many of the processes on Earth, and water serves as a battery, storing and releasing the Sun’s power. These ideas are important for students to understand, because they form the…
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It’s hard to conceive of the sheer size and the vast amount of empty space in our solar system, much less a galaxy or the universe. It is much easier for the planets to be reduced to a list of their properties. In this…
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Sometimes students find the causes of seasons to be a difficult concept. They often need to work with visual representations to understand the implications of axial tilt. One misconception is that seasons change as the…
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In this chapter, students are asked to consider public policy decisions as they relate to energy usage. For this activity, students will serve as consumer advocates to evaluate and rate hair dryers. In the process, they…
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The purpose of this assessment probe is to elicit students’ ideas about the structure of the solid Earth. The probe is designed to find out if students recognize that Earth’s outer layer (crust) is mostly solid rock…
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The purpose of this assessment probe is to elicit students’ ideas about soil. Soil is the material that is useful to plants and animals, including people. Its formation is a slow process but continuous and still…
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The purpose of this assessment probe is to elicit students’ ideas about the surface of Earth. It is designed to find out if students recognize that most of Earth’s surface is covered by water and helps students learn…
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Where is Most of the Fresh Water?
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The purpose of this assessment probe is to elicit students’ ideas about the distribution of fresh water. The probe is designed to find out if students recognize that most of Earth’s fresh water is found in frozen form…
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The purpose of this assessment probe is to elicit students’ ideas about a major freshwater resource, groundwater. The probe is designed to find out how students visualize groundwater, which can be challenging as it is…
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The purpose of this assessment probe is to elicit students’ ideas about the ocean and seas. The probe is designed to reveal whether students use geographic names and locations to consider the number of separate oceans…
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The purpose of this assessment probe is to elicit students’ ideas about the ocean’s salinity. This probe is best used with grades 5–12, and is designed to uncover students’ ideas about the role of landforms and rivers…
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The purpose of this assessment probe is to elicit students’ ideas about the water cycle. The probe is designed to find out what students think a representation of the water cycle should include to show evaporation and…
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Where Did the Water in the Puddle Go?
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The purpose of this assessment probe is to elicit students’ ideas about evaporation. The probe is designed to find out if students recognize that water goes into the air around us in the form of water vapor. It is best…
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The purpose of this assessment probe is to elicit students’ ideas about weather predictions. The probe is designed to find out if students recognize the limitations of long-term weather forecasting and to help students…
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