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Visual Impairments Students with visual impairments include those with low vision and those who are blind. Students who are blind may use Braille to read. Students with low vision tend to read print, may use optical devices, or may also read Braille like their peers who are blind. Both students who…
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Color Blindness (Dyschromacy) Color “blindness” is more correctly known as color “deficiency” or dyschromacy. It is the inability to see or identify certain colors of the visible light spectrum. Approximately 8% of the population have color difficulties (estimates range from 4-12%). This means that…
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Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students
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Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students Hearing loss often appears to be an invisible disability until the student enters the classroom. The challenges for students are anchored in learning language, learning how to listen and speak (if possible) and in learning how to read and write. In nearly all cases,…
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Sensory Integration Challenges
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Sensory Integration Challenges Sensory Integration Disorder is a condition that exists when sensory signals don't get organized into appropriate responses. Pioneering occupational therapist and neuroscientist A. Jean Ayres, PhD, likened SPD to a neurological "traffic jam" that prevents certain parts…
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Motor Impaired / Orthopedic Disability
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Motor Impaired / Orthopedic Disability James Prescott Joule (1818–1889) was an English physicist who studied thermodynamics, leading to the famous “Joule’s Law.” He was born with a spinal disorder that required him to be home schooled. Motor impaired/orthopedic disabilities include a…
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Other Health Impairments According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) of 2004, a student can qualify for special education services under the coding of “Other Health Impairment” (OHI), defined as “having limited strength, vitality, or alertness, including a heightened alertness…
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Intellectual Disabilities Introduction Students with intellectual disabilities are identified by exhibiting the following criteria: Sub-average intellectual ability (IQ 70 or lower) Problems in adaptive functioning Manifested before the age of 18 General Strategies Identify science role…
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Autism According to the Council for Exceptional Children, autism is a “spectrum disorder within a group of developmental disabilities defined by significant impairments in social interaction and communication, and by the presence of unusual behaviors and interests,” such as repetitive and stereotypic…
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Reading and Organizational Challenges
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Reading and Organizational Challenges Reading Disabilities Reading disabilities are among the most common and far reaching disabilities. If a child has difficulty reading they are unable to access most of the information presented in school and in addition they are usually very reluctant learners…
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Communication Disorders Communication Disorders involve a wide variety of problems in speech, language, and hearing. For example, speech and language disorders include stuttering, aphasia, dysfluency, voice disorders (hoarseness, breathiness, or sudden breaks in loudness or pitch), cleft lip and/or…
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Behavioral Disorders Behavioral disorders also known as conduct disorders are one of the most common forms of disability among children and young adults and is the most frequently cited reason for referral to mental health services. The appearance of behavioral disorders is increasing dramatically in…
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Universal Design for Learning Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a set of principles used in curriculum design that attempts to make learning opportunities accessible for all students. Based on an architectural concept, UDL capitalizes on the fact that making learning accessible for the most…
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Glossary of Disability Terminology
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Glossary of Disability Terminology Accessible: In the case of a facility, readily usable by a particular individual; in the case of a program or activity, presented or provided in such a way that a particular individual can participate, with or without auxiliary aid(s); in the case of electronic resources, accessible…
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Disabilities: Legal Issues The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is the federal law that governs how states and public agencies, including public schools, provide early intervention, special education, and related services to children with disabilities. Children with disabilities…
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