I’m a new middle school teacher, and last week I had to miss two days due to illness. When I came back, my classroom was in shambles and it appeared that the students did not do any work. What can I do, short of never missing another day, to make sure this doesn’t happen again?
—Scott, Coeur d’Alene, ID
Substitute teachers are amazing. They get a call the night before or early in the morning to take over classes for subjects in which they might not have experience or credentials. They may be unfamiliar with school procedures or a teacher’s routine. Students may have the notion unacceptable behavior is okay when the regular teacher is out . Sometimes, substitutes find no lesson plans or other materials to help them. And for this, they get a per diem that, after taxes and other deductions, can be quite modest.
“Subs” have a variety of teaching experience: some are new teachers waiting for a full-time position, others are retired teachers who want to teach occasionally or teachers in between positions trying to maintain their skills. If you know in advance when you’ll be out and who your sub will be, you can prepare class activities appropriate for his/her knowledge and skills. But sometimes, as in the case of illness, you don’t have the opportunity to create detailed plans. Having a “sub folder” can be a lifesaver for both you and the sub.
Whether your sub folder is kept in the school office or in your desk, be sure it is clearly marked and up-to-date. Provide a seating chart for each period with the students first and last names, the bell schedules, and emergency procedures (e.g., fire drill directions). Attach the syllabus for each course you teach as an overview of the content and expectations.

Include several days worth of activities that relate to the learning goals for your course. Videos are sometimes overused as sub plans, so be sure any video relates to your course goals and provide suggestions for what students should do or discuss before, during, and after watching it. Unless you know the sub is familiar with the technology in your classroom, or each class has a student designated as the tech assistant, avoid activities involving devices such as the interactive white board or electronic response systems.
Avoid busywork (such as word searches or copying notes or definitions) or directions to have the students “read silently” or “work on other homework” for the entire period. (This would be difficult for them, even when you’re in the classroom!) Activities you weren’t able to get to in a recent unit are good options to include. Some teachers collect magazine articles for students to summarize and share. If your students have access to laptops, they could work independently or in pairs on online activities or to search for information related to a course topic. (NSTA’s SciLinks has suggested websites and online resources, and there is an option to create lists of favorites students can access.)
I liked to use emergency sub time for students to review and use vocabulary (even the non-science subs felt comfortable with this). One of my favorite vocabulary activities is a “word splash.” Using a prepared word list or one the students generate (perhaps from a current event or a picture in the textbook), teams of students write sentences that include two or more of the words. Ask the sub to have the teams chose 2-3 of their “best” sentences to share with the whole class to debrief. In “word sorts,” give groups of students lists of words to categorize with a description of their thinking. In both of these activities, the sub can collect the students’ work or ask them to use their science notebooks.
Even if you are positive the sub is credentialed in science and is familiar with laboratory routines and safety precautions, I would not ask the sub to do a lab investigation with a potential for student injury or requiring chemicals, live specimens, flames, or heat sources.
Include a note in your folder with any routines that should be followed at the beginning and end of the day and during each period (e.g., attendance). Provide a way for the sub to leave a status report of what was accomplished during each class along with any issues, problems, success stories, or suggestions. If, after your preparations, the substitute does not follow your plans or allows students to behave in unacceptable or unsafe ways, you have the responsibility to share this information with your principal.
Good subs deserve respect as professional colleagues and can put your mind at ease when you’re away. For a frequent or long-term sub, a thank-you note or token of appreciation is a nice gesture. I asked some friends doing some post-retirement subbing for additional suggestions. Their ideas included a clean coffee mug to use, phone codes to access the office, the name of a nearby teacher who can assist with questions or problems, and directions from your room to the faculty lounge, main office, and restrooms.

Many of the concepts we teach in science relate to the concept of “scale” – things that are at the extremes of small (as in atoms, nanotechnology, or microbes), large (as in galaxies or blue whales), long (geologic time scale), short (half-life of some elements), or far (distances between planets and stars). Within the confines of a classroom and a short science class period, it can be difficult for students to think about these extremes.
Last year, I had the opportunity to visit the Rose Center for Earth and Space at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. My colleague and I were blown away as we walked along the “Cosmic Pathway” and the “Scales of the Universe” exhibits. An alternative would be to explore the online resources suggested by the authors, including Cosmic Distance Scale from NASA, Get Quarked, Powers of 10, and Secret Worlds: The Universe Within from Florida State University’s Molecular Expressions website (one of my favorites). Supplement these with suggested websites in the SciLinks category Scale, with topics ranging from geologic time to explorations of the powers of 10.
Most middle school students are eager to participate in hands-on activities. The ones in this issue are also “minds-on.” The authors provide teaching suggestions, rubrics, and other resources for topics such as dealing with misconceptions (Visualizing the Earth and Moon Relationship Via Scaled Drawings), performing calculations (Using Powers of 10 to Help Students Develop Temporal Benchmarks), incorporating the topic into a 5E framework (Big Ideas at a Very Small Scale), and types of scales Giants Don’t Exist in the Real World).
I’ve seen middle school thoroughly engaged in activities such as (Get Quarked and Walking Out Graphs).
If you think you can’t do inquiry science because your school doesn’t have a lot of resources, check out The Great Top Challenge, which uses simple tops and the 5E framework to help students explore physics concepts. Look at Motion of a Spinning Top if you need a refresher and Spinning Top Circus if your students don’t know what a “top” is.

Making a dough for classroom play is also a time to teach vocabulary and math skills, and social skills such as cleaning up after oneself. Write the recipe on a page or easel paper to refer to even if your students are not yet reading. Illustrate with drawings or take photographs to use as illustrations the next time you make the play dough. Playdough is a soft, moldable flour dough that holds its shape.
What science skills will children learn while making playdough? How can making a material for play support developing math skills and language and literacy development? Here’s a beginning list; please add to it by posting a comment.

Activity	Skills used or learned
Reading a recipe chart with both words and pictures	Teaches that print has a purpose. Is a time to use language. Teaches that symbols represent real things, such as the color blue is a symbol for water, and two pictures of a measuring spoon represents using two spoons of an ingredient. Teaches units of measurement.
Handling and talking about the properties of the materials (dry, wet, liquid, powdery, oily)	Teaches vocabulary. Experience with materials.
Following the steps of a procedure	Scientists follow procedures for safety, and to reproduce the results of a first try. The order in which materials are mixed may affect the product. Measuring exactly takes practice. Children can practice self control.
Mixing materials together	Mixing materials together can make a change—a material may get wet, clump together, or dissolve.
Heating the playdough mixture	Heat can transform materials into a material with new properties
Playing with the playdough	During play children use their imagination, practice social skills, develop language skills, continue to explore the properties of the new material, and express themselves artistically.

Playdough is easy to make with children because there is some “wiggle room” in the amounts—a little more water will make a softer dough, a little less oil will make it a bit sticky. Recipes for playdoughs (a valuable classroom tool) are widely available online and in activity books. Here it is again!

Playdough

Ingredients and materials:

• Safety goggles
• 1 cup white flour
• ½ cup table salt
• 2 teaspoons cream of tarter (found in the spice section)
• 1 cup water
• 2 tablespoons of vegetable oil
• Measuring cup
• Teaspoon measure
• Bowl
• Wide, shallow pan

1. Put on safety goggles.
2. Have the children feel each ingredient while discussing it: is it wet? Is it dry? Is it a liquid? Is it a solid?
3. Have the children help read the recipe to see what comes next and to measure out all the ingredients.
4. Measure out and put all the dry ingredients together in a bowl.
   
5. Mix them together by stirring.
6. Measure out and add the water. Stir to mix.
7. Measure out and add the oil. Stir to mix.
8. Pour into a wide, shallow pan. (Avoid pans with non-stick coatings—salt may damage it.)
9. Stir continuously while cooking over medium-high heat until a dough forms, about 5 minutes. Stir and turn over the dough until doesn’t look wet anymore.
   
10. Remove from heat, and cool. Knead a few minutes until smooth.
11. Add color, scent, or glitter if desired.
    
12. Store in a closed container or send some home in plastic bags.

Mixing to make a change is fun, especially when you get to play with the resulting mixture. Your class might want to take their recipe to another class and teach them how to make playdough!
Peggy

So much of science involves communication and skills in language arts. Follow this simple recipe to help your students become science communicators: Add 1 cup of science (life, Earth, physical, or general) to 1 cup of language arts. Blend well by attending sessions at the NSTA conference in Phoenix.
Sample these recipe variations.
Elementary Science Surprise
You’ll actually make ice cream—as well as build molecular structures and integrate elementary trade books—in the session titled “Infusing Literacy and Mathematics Skills in the Science Content of the Elementary School.” Science never tasted so good!
Earth Science as a Main Course
“Science, Math, and Literacy: The Three Essentials Needed for Success” will help teachers serve these three important ingredients, flavored with Earth science.
Chemistry Cookies
“Stirring Up Reading in Chemistry” will have middle school, high school, and college teacher “chefs” producing smart cookies who can understand what they read in chemistry. Are you hungry yet?