Many current approaches to the design of curriculum and instruction are emphasizing the use of “big ideas” (aka essential questions, overarching themes) as an organizing framework for courses or units. I’ve done several presentations on this topic, and some teachers find it challenging to identify the big ideas in their content areas.
But if you’re an earth science teacher, check out a recent NSF press release that describes a new publication– Earth Science Literacy Principles, which lists big ideas and supporting concepts which can be used for a variety of purposes: education, legislation, scientific endeavors. You can download the document, but here is the list of earth science “literacy principles” from the publication:
Earth scientists use repeatable observations and testable ideas to understand and explain our planet.
Earth is 4.6 billion years old.
Earth is a complex system of interacting rock, water, air, and life.
Earth is continuously changing.
Earth is the water planet.
Life evolves on a dynamic Earth and continuously modifies Earth.
Humans depend on Earth for resources.
Natural hazards pose risks to humans.
Humans significantly alter the Earth.
But wait – it gets even better. On the Earth Science Literacy Initiative website, use the link to “Complementary Projects” for similar documents in Ocean Literacy, Atmospheric Literacy, and Climate Literacy. Whether you teach an entire course or just a few topics, these are worth a look.

I’m concerned about the decrease in scheduled time for science instruction, especially in the primary grades. The teachers say that it’s all because of NCLB (No Child Left Behind) and its emphasis on reading and mathematics. Is this the case everywhere?
— Greg, Westminster, Colorado
The phrase “No Child Left Behind” implies we’re going somewhere. As science teachers, we need to make sure where we’re going with the students is a worthwhile place and the journey is an interesting one.
“We aren’t allowed to teach science until after the state tests in April.” I couldn’t believe it when I heard this at an elementary school I visited recently. I knew many schools were focusing on reading and mathematics (the two subjects whose test scores are used to calculate a school’s Adequate Yearly Progress, or AYP), but this sounded like an extreme case.
According to the 2008 study “Initial Impacts of No Child Left Behind on Elementary Science Education,” published in the Journal of Elementary Science Education, 60% of the teachers surveyed said they cut back on time for science instruction as a result of NCLB. So your school and the one I visited are not isolated cases.
Even before NCLB, science was often shortchanged in terms of scheduled time. (Although we’re discussing science here, I’m equally concerned that social studies, the arts, and physical education are also on the back burner in some schools.) I know some teachers who were strong in science before NCLB are still making time for science and their students are doing well on the reading and math tests. But I suspect some teachers have not protested too much about the de-emphasis of science.
If teachers decide to pursue this issue in their own schools, the real cause for the decrease in time for science should be determined. I’m not sure NCLB is the sole factor in every school where science time has been cut back. The study does mention other factors: few resources, lack of administrative support, outdated materials, and inadequate professional development. In addition, I know some schools use the time scheduled for science or social studies as “pull out” time for students who need remedial work in reading and math.
I’d also be concerned about the quality of science instruction during the time currently scheduled for science. If a science class consisted of worksheets, lectures, and busywork, then perhaps making the class shorter was not necessarily a bad thing. Another complication is that now states administer science tests based on their science standards as a part of NCLB. One eighth-grade teacher mentioned she felt she had to cut back on lab investigations to try to “cover” everything for the test, which included the standards for grades 6, 7, and 8.
There are those who suggest science content could be integrated with reading instruction. There certainly are many interesting nonfiction books students could use in reading class. But I think we’re shortchanging students when we substitute assignments in reading class for planned and purposeful science instruction including both science content and processes such as hands-on investigations, vocabulary development, observations, writing, measuring, and questioning. In a well-planned science class, students apply their skills in reading and math to authentic situations.
The study mentioned earlier describes research conducted by Michael Klentschy, which showed inquiry science led to increased student performance in math, reading, and writing, even in schools with large number of at-risk students. So if test scores are an issue, I wonder if schools should increase time for inquiry science, rather than decreasing it! Perhaps if we give students more opportunities to apply their reading and math skills in other content areas, they will begin to see how their subject areas are connected.

Although I credit my early childhood exposure to orchard, field, woods, and creek as the foundation for my understanding of the natural world, I would despair if I thought that same understanding is lost to children who grow up in urban, constructed places, or mostly indoors. My father told of swimming in Wissahickon Creek, a Schuylkill River tributary, and digging garnets out of the Wissahickon schist in Fairmount Park in his childhood in the city of Philadelphia in the 1920’s. The Schuylkill Center for Environmental Education is where he might go today to learn about ecosystems in Philadelphia.  My mother’s childhood was filled with box turtle sightings and catching gudgeon on the Patapsco River, on land that is now part of Patapsco Valley State Park in Maryland. I wish such experiences for all children.
Many of my students spend limited time in natural areas but their sense of wonder is not diminished when they encounter living organisms in human-constructed environments (indoors)—it just needs to be encouraged as the spider episode in class yesterday demonstrates:
As the children were gathered around listening to a teacher read aloud, one child drew their attention to a tiny spider slowly dropping on its thread in the center of the group. The teacher directed the children to move a bit and kept on reading. The discoverer came to tell me and get a small viewing container. This is what she told another teacher 15 minutes later, “I caught it from a web spinning from the ceiling. It looks like a bee because it has a ring of fur around its neck.” As they were lining up to leave the room I noticed she was empty-handed and I asked what happened to the spider. “I let it go back to its home.” She understood that the room was the spider’s habitat, an interior one.
Click on the word “Comments” below to share how your class experiences nature.
Peggy

Preschool play can reflect young children’s knowledge about the natural world and the human interaction experiences they’ve had. I get to observe and learn what the children express through play when we finish our opening discussion and they move about the room.
Twelve four-year olds and two teachers spend about 45 minutes in the Tree House Room where I set up materials more or less tied to the topic of the activity I am sharing that week. The plan was to observe, draw, and read about tadpoles borrowed from a local nature center. But the Fours have been playing “Doctor’s Office” in their classroom with dress-up uniforms, pretend medical tools such as stethoscopes and blood pressure cuffs, and plenty of tape for bandages on dolls. The doctor play was especially significant to the Four’s class because the school’s director and one child had casts on limbs for several months.

To support this learning, I put out x-rays on the light table, a foam human skeleton puzzle, and small clip boards, but they mostly create their own props, taking some plastic bugs and turtles, and drawing materials from the shelves. Tadpoles do get a little attention but the world the children re-create is most important to them.
A few children lie down on their backs. One child tucked some plastic bugs and turtles underneath the “patient’s” shirts. Enter the doctor:

Child 1: How is my little girl doing?
Child 2: She broke her leg and she had those bugs in her tummy. (Showing an x-ray drawing she made.)
Child 1 (in a quiet aside): I called you “little” girl because I’m pretending to be a doctor.

Later with the second patient:

Child 1: First we have to do an x-ray of what’s in his tummy. (Holds paper over the stomach and draws the turtle.)
Child 1: He has a poisonous turtle in his tummy. You’re going to have to open it because I don’t have the tools.
Child 2 (removing the turtle): It sure is a poisonous one!

This play is so delightful but that’s not all. I’m delighted to have a window into what children know about doctors and what x-rays are. They certainly know the difference between pretend and real, understand the need for cooperation between medical personnel, and can represent animals through drawing. We can work on “poisonous” turtles next week and the tadpoles will become more interesting when they develop legs.
(Note that the child is making the skeleton “preschool” size without all the leg bones! This may have been his re-design or an accidental omission. The puzzle allows for several inventive adjustments to the human skeleton. At first I was concerned that the alternate assemblies might create some misconceptions about the human skeleton but when children find a few pieces leftover, or stand back and see the proportions, they usually self-correct. And other scientists often chime in and make changes, and we count the number of “sections” in our actual legs and arms.)
Share your science play stories by clicking on the word “Comments” below!
Peggy

The June/July issue of Learning and Leading with Technology has a description of the website Science Buddies, a comprehensive resource for science fair participants of all ages. Getting started with a topic was the hardest part for my students, and this site has a “topic selection wizard” that guides students through the process of selecting and fine-tuning a topic. It has sections that can help students with planning a project and teachers with planning a science fair (including rubrics for evaluating projects).
This site is already in SciLinks, along with many other resources for planning a science fair and helping students with their projects. (My favorite resources are those that have suggestions for alternative science fairs, including online science fairs and those that include presentations.)
The cartoon here was created with another online (and free) tool that was spotlighted in Learning and Leading with Technology. MakeBeliefsComix allows users to create simple comic strips by manipulating characters and word balloons. Text can be added in many languages, and there are suggestions for how this can be a tool for learning and literacy skills. The strips can be printed or saved with screen shot or grab tool.

My school does not have a recycling program, but as a science teacher I’d like to set an example of “green” behavior. What can I do in a single classroom?
— Tyler, Louisville, KY
I’m sure you’ve heard of the expression “Think globally, act locally.” Although many schools do have recycling programs, their success depends on what happens in individual classrooms like yours.
Isn’t it depressing when you have a desk or locker clean-out event and you see students discarding tests, handouts, and papers you thought had gone home weeks ago? I read about a teacher who started her recycling efforts with a “garbology” lesson. She collected her classroom trash for a week. The students weighed it, and they examined the contents (wearing gloves), separating the actual trash and recyclable materials such as paper, cans, and bottles. They then weighed the recyclables to estimate what percent could be recycled. Perhaps the amount of paper used in your classroom might be a good place to start your efforts to reduce, reuse, and recycle.
Save old handouts or outdated materials printed on one side. Cut the paper in halves or quarters to use for quizzes, notes, or practice work. Use the double-sided option on the copier for any new copies. Put a box next to the copier for any “mistake” copies whose blank sides could be reused.
Use science notebooks in which students do their assignments (notes, lab reports, diagrams, etc.) rather than lots of handouts. Encourage students to write on both sides of the paper. If you teach more than one section of a subject, consider whether it’s necessary to give each student a copy of a multi-page test. Could you make a class set of tests and have the students use separate answer sheets?
For lab activities, you could give a copy of the directions to each group, rather than to each student. A lot of teachers laminate handouts so that they could be used again. My school did not have a laminator, so I used 3-ring sheet protectors. As a plus, I could take out the papers and re-use the protectors for other handouts.
Take advantage of available technology. Use a class website to share announcements and your class newsletter or syllabus. Post copies of class handouts, too. Some teachers also post podcasts of their lectures/discussions rather than giving out notes. Use parents’ email addresses to send announcements home. Depending on the grade level, students could submit written work online.
Since your school does not recycle paper, you’ll have to be creative as to what to do with it. If your community has recycling bins or curbside pickup, you could recycle there. Perhaps a high school student or class is in need of a project and could pick up your recycling periodically.
Another suggestion is to recycle inkjet printer cartridges. Some organizations collect them as a fundraiser (a Google search could give you some ideas). Check with a local office supply store to see if they have a recycling plan. The one in my neighborhood has a “reward” program giving a credit for each one recycled. (I recently got a coupon for $30 in the mail to spend at the store!) Some parents might send in their used cartridges for this program so you can get extra goodies for your classroom.
Be sure your students are aware of your efforts and ask them for other suggestions. For example, one elementary class suggested adding a “recycling monitor” to the list of classroom duties. This student would remind others to put materials to be reused or recycled in the proper container. Another class suggested covering bulletin boards with plain fabric or wrapping paper rather than construction paper that fades quickly and has to be replaced. Once you and your students show reducing, reusing, and recycling can be done in a classroom, perhaps your local effort will lead to a schoolwide one.
Readers, do you have any tips to share?

What percentage of children ever get to see a tadpole grow into a frog? Reading about tadpoles amazing metamorphosis into adult frogs is less amazing than observing the living animals and noticing a daily change in size or form.
The seasonal nature of this transformation means that young children may not remember the last time they saw it because it happened one third of their lifetime ago, so teachers may want to repeat this observation activity every year. There are concerns among scientists that even common species of frogs and other amphibians are facing extinction because infectious diseases are damaging their ability to grow and reproduce. To prevent any accidental spread of disease causing organisms, officers from the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR) and Amphibian Ark wrote a letter to the editors in the 2009 April/May Science and Children (also posted at www.ssarherps.org) describing the strict but feasible hygiene conditions and procedures that must be followed by anyone keeping and then releasing amphibians into nature. They said that observing live amphibians “is a great approach for fostering “’bioliteracy.’” IF YOU KEEP LIVE TADPOLES AND OTHER AMPHIBIANS IN YOUR SCHOOL PLEASE READ THE EXPANDED LETTER, “Considerations and Recommendations for Raising Live Amphibians in Classrooms, SSAR’s response to a recent article in Science and Children.”
I won’t quote from the letter because I believe it’s important to get the accurate information in the entire letter but will say that bleach is used in the disinfection procedure.
Now that you know where to get information on how to prevent the spread of disease in amphibians by classroom activities, here is a photo of the baby Wood frog, newly released back to the pond where it hatched. I wish I could have taken each of my students (a few at a time!) with me to see the frog in its natural environment.
Please read the letter and follow these best practices so that generations of frogs will be alive to inspire wonder in generations of children, both animals that are growing and changing.
Perhaps we will be inspired to create school yard habitats so children can observe animals in nature every day.
Peggy